“PTOLEMAIC FINGER RINGS” AND THE NORTH BLACK SEA AREA: THE EXCEPTION OR THE RULE?
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Abstract
In this article, I will be focusing on the so-called “Ptolemaic Finger Rings”. These are bronze, iron, glass and bone rings bearing images that are somehow connected to the Ptolemaic dynasty. The vast majority of these artifacts were found in the territory of the Bosporan kingdom. However, they are also found in other states of the Northern Black Sea area, as well as in Egypt, Cyprus, Balkan Greece and Asia Minor. In this group of sources, I am also considering clay bullae of Egyptian, Cyprian and Mesopotamian origin, containing the imprints of “Ptolemaic Finger Rings”. Modern studies, mainly devoted to the Black Sea finds, consider two inextricably linked questions: what was the purpose of these artifacts and what was their role in relations between the Ptolemaic state and the Bosporan kingdom?
Within this topic, I continue to develop my theory, that the “Ptolemaic Finger Rings” were intended as awards for ordinary mercenaries, or even for civilians at the Ptolemaic service. In my opinion, such an award also meant granting of a certain tax privilege. Probably, the Bosporites, who later returned to their homeland, were among the people receiving the award.
This conclusion allows to look at the problem of the role of these rings in the Bosporan-Egyptian relations from another angle. A significant number of clay bullae with imprints of the “Ptolemaic Finger Rings” were found in the territory of the Ptolemaic state. The majority of them are dated not to the period of the apogee of the foreign activity of the Ptolemaic state, but to the 2nd and 1st centuries BC. Thus, these rings were intended for domestic use. However, the general distribution area of these artifacts in combination with two clay bullae from the “city archive” of Seleucia on Tigre evidence that the owners of such rings, who were leaving the state of Ptolemies, not always went to the Northern Black Sea region.
Consequently, the fact of a great concentration of “Ptolemaic Finger Rings” on the Cimmerian Bosporus should be viewed exclusively as a private phenomenon. It cannot be considered in the context of a problem of the “special nature” of the official Bosporan-Egyptian relations. However, a significant number of these artifacts found on the coast of the Northern Black Sea, indicates a high level of integration of this region into the outline of the Hellenistic world.
How to Cite
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Bosporan Kingdom, North Black Sea Area, Ptolemaic state, tax privileges, “Ptolemaic Finger Rings”
Виноградов Ю. Г., Золотарев М. И. Божественная египетская триада в Херсонесе Таврическом // Syssitia: Памяти Ю. В. Андреева. Санкт-Петербург, 2000.
Грач Н. Л. Открытие нового исторического источника в Нимфее // ВДИ, 1984, № 1.
Жигунин В. Д. Международные отношения эллинистических государств в 280–220 гг. до н. э. Казань, 1980.
Зайцев Ю. П., Мордвинцева В. И. Ногайчинский курган в степном Крыму // ВДИ, 2003, № 3.
Зелинский А. Л. К вопросу о назначении так называемых перстней “птолемеевского типа” // Стародавнє Причорномор’я. Вип. XII. 2018.
Зелінський А. Л. Александрійські фараони та їхні піддані. Зміцнення влади перших Птолемеїв. Київ, 2010.
Краснодубец Е. М. Эллинистические египетские перстни-печати и их оттиски из Херсонеса Таврического и его хоры // Боспорский феномен. Общее и особенное в историко-культурном пространстве античного мира. Материалы международной научной конференции: в 2-х ч. Ч. 2 / Ред. В. Ю. Зуев, В. А. Хршановский. Санкт-Петербург, 2018.
Ладынин И. А. Еще раз о перстнях “птолемеевского типа” из Северного Причерноморья: к возможной интерпретации в свете внешней политики эллинистического Египта в III в. до н. э. // Древности Боспора. Т. 11. 2007.
Ладынин И. А., Попова Е. А. Египетская подвеска, найденная на городище Чайка (Северо-Западный Крым), и посмертное обожествление Арсинои II Филадельфы // ВДИ, 2010, № 2.
Литвиненко Ю. Н. Птолемеевский Египет и Северное Причерноморье в ІІІ в. до н. э. К вопросу о контактах // ВДИ, 1991, № 1.
Ломтадзе Г. А. Об одной группе эллинистических сосудов из некрополя Ольвии // Античный мир и археология. Вып. 13. 2009.
Молев Е. А. Боспор в период Эллинизма. Нижний Новгород, 1994.
Неверов О. Я. Группа эллинистических бронзовых перстней в собрании Эрмитажа // ВДИ, 1974, № 1.
Тарн В. Эллинистическая цивилизация / Пер. с англ. Москва, 1949.
Трейстер М. Ю. Бронзовые перстни с изображениями на щитках из Горгиппии и окрестностей // ВДИ, 1982, № 3.
Трейстер М. Ю. Боспор и Египет в ІІІ веке до н. э. // ВДИ, 1985, № 1.
Финагенова С. И. Группа бронзовых эллинистических перстней из собрания ГМИИ им. Пушкина // ВДИ, 2001, № 2.
Шургая И. Г. Импорт Александрии в Северном Причерноморье // ВДИ, 1965, № 4.
Шургая И. Г. О торговых сношениях Ольвии с Александрией Египетской в эллинистическую эпоху // ВДИ, 1972, № 3.
Anthologia palatina [Anthologia graeca]. Codex palatinus et codex parisinus: In 2 v. / Ed. C. Preisendanz. Lugduni Batavorum, 1911.
Apollodorus. Bibliotheca Мythologicа / Ed. G. Moser. Lipsiae, 1907.
Archibald Z. Contacts between the Ptolemaic Kingdom and the Black Sea in the Early Hellenistic Age // The Black Sea in Antiquity. Regional and Interregional Economic Exchanges / Ed. by V. Gabrielsen & J. Lund. Aarhus, 2007.
Badoud N. Rhodes et les Cyclades a l’epoque hellenistique // Scripta Antiqua. Vol. 64. 2014.
Bagnall R. The administration of the Ptolemaic possessions outside Egypt. Leiden, 1976.
Bell H. Hellenic Culture in Egypt // The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 1922, No. 3/4. https://doi.org/10.2307/3853691
Braund D. Greek Religion and Cults in the Black Sea Region. Goddesses in the Bosporan Kingdom from the Archaic Period to the Byzantine Era. New York, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316856581
Bricault L. Sarapis et Isis, Sauveurs de Ptolémée IV à Raphia // CdÉ. Vol. 74. 1999. https://doi.org/10.1484/J.CDE.2.309115
Callaghan E., Jones R. Hadra Hydriae and central Crete: a fabric analysis // The Annual of the British School at Athens. V. 80 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068245400007462
Callimachus. Fragmenta // Callimachus: In 2 vols. Vol. 2 / Ed. by R. Pfeiffer. Oxford, 1953.
Carney E. D. Arsinoe of Egypt and Macedon: A Royal Life (Women in Antiquity). Oxford, 2013.
Catullus C. Valerius. Carmina / Ed. W. Eisenhut. Muenchen, 1975.
Chaniotis A. Das antike Kreta. München, 2004.
Charbonneaux J. Sur la signification et la date de la tasse Farnèse // Monument et mémoires de la Fondation Eugène Piot. T. 50. 1958. https://doi.org/10.3406/piot.1958.1472
Chronicon paschale: Ad exemplar vaticanum / Ed. L. Dindorf. Bonn, 1832.
Clayman D. Berenice II and the Golden Age of Ptolemaic Egypt. Women in Antiquity. Oxford – New York, 2014.
Coloru O. Rex ridens, rex cavillatus: L’umorismo e la regalità ellenistica // L’Umorismo in prospettiva interculturale: Immagini, Aspettie, Linguaggi / Ed. O. Coloru, G. Minunno. Parma, 2014.
Dreyer B. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des spaetklassischen Athen (322 – ca. 230 v. Chr.). Stuttgart, 1999.
Etymologicum magnum / Ed. by T. Gaisford. Oxford, 1848.
Euripides. Bacchae // Euripidis fabulae: In 3 vols. Vol. 3 / Ed. by J. Diggle. Oxford, 1994.
Fraser P. Ptolemaic Alexandria: In II vols. Oxford, 1972.
Gouëssan A. La τρυφή ptolémaïque royale // Dialogues d’histoire ancienne, 2013, No. 2. https://doi.org/10.3917/dha.392.0073
Grabowski T. Ostatni Triumf Ptolemeuszy. Czwarta Wojna syryjska (221–217 p.n.e.). Kraków, 2010.
Grainger J. The Syrian Wars. Leiden – Boston, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004180505.i-450
Greek papyri in the British Museum: catalogue, with texts: Vol. 7 / Ed. by T. Skeat. London, 1974.
Heinen H. Untersuchungen zur hellenistischen Geschichte des 3. Jahrhunderts v. Chr.: Zur Geschichte der Zeit des Ptolemaios Keraunos und zum Chremonideischen Krieg. Wiesbaden, 1972.
Herklotz F. Vom ägyptischen Lokalgott zur griechischen Universalgottheit – Sarapis als Heil- und Orakelgott in der Ptolemäerzeit // Ancient Society. Vol. 48. 2018.
Herodotus. Historiarum Libri IX / Ed. H. R. Dietsch, H. Kallenberg. Lipsiae, 1899.
Hoelbl G. A History of the Ptolemaic Empire / Transl. from Germ. London – New York, 2001.
Huss W. Ägypten in hellenistischer Zeit, 332–30 v. Chr. München, 2001.
Huss W. Die Verwaltung des ptolemaiischen Reichs. München, 2011. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.chbeck.1228
Hyginus. Poetica Astronomica / Ed. G. Vire. Stuttgart, 1992. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110951219
Jaehne A. Alexandreon Chora // Klio, 1981, No. 1.
Johnson S. Historical Fictions and Hellenistic Jewish Identity. Third Maccabees in Its Cultural Context. Berkeley – Los Angeles – London, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520233072.003.0003
Justinus M. Junianis. Pompeius Trogus “Historiae Philippicae” Epitome / Ed. W. Kroll. Lipsiae, 1911.
Kyriakos N. Archaeological News from Cyprus, 1970 // American Journal of Archaeology, 1972, No. 3. https://doi.org/10.2307/503924
Ladynin I. A. “Rings for Grain”: An Interpretation for the Abundant Finds of the So-called “Ptolemaic Finger Rings” of the 3rd Century B.C. in the North Black Sea Area // Geographica Historica. V. 10. 2011.
Lorber C., van Oppen de Ruiter B. Clay Seal Impressions from Ptolemaic Edfu // Numismatica e antichità classiche. V. 46. 2017.
Machabaeorum liber III // Septuaginta: In 2 vols. Vol. 1 / Ed. by A. Rahlfs. Stuttgart, 1935.
Manning J. Land and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt. The Structure of Land Tenure. Cambridge, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511482847
Marshall F. Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Greek, Etruscan and Roman, in the Department of Antiquities, British Museum. London, 1907.
Milne J. Ptolemaic Seal Impressions // Journal of Hellenic Studies. Vol. 36. 1916. https://doi.org/10.2307/625752
Modrzejewski J. Le “Troisième Livre des Maccabées”: un drame judiciare judéo-alexandrin // The Journal of Juristic Papyrology. Vol. 38. 2008.
Müller S. Das hellenistische Königspaar in der medialen Repräsentation Ptolemaios II. und Arsinoe II. Berlin – New York, 2009.
Nilsson M. Geschichte der griechischen Religion. Bd. 2: Die hellenistische und römische Zeit. 2nd ed. München, 1961.
O’Neil J. A Re-examination of the Chremonidian War // Ptolemy II Philadelphus and His World / Ed. by P. McKechnie, Philippe Guillaume. Leiden – Boston, 2008.
Van Oppen de Ruiter B. The religious identification of Ptolemaic queens with Aphrodite, Demeter, Hathor and Isis: PhD dissertation. City University of New York. New York, 2007.
van Oppen de Ruiter B. Berenice II Euergetis. Essays in Early Hellenistic Queenship. New York, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137494627
van Oppen de Ruiter B., Lorber C. Royal or Divine? Female Heads in the Edfu Hoard // CdÉ. T. 92. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1484/J.CDE.5.115212
Orientis Graeci inscriptiones Selectae. Supplementum Sylloges inscriptionum Graecorum: In 2 vols. Vol. 2 / Ed. G. Dittenberger. Lipsiae, 1903.
Pausanias. Graeciae descriptio: In 3 vols. Vol. 1 / Ed. M. H. Rocha-Pereira. Lipsiae, 1973.
Pfeiffer St. The God Serapis, His Cult and the Beginnings of the Ruler Cult in Ptolemaic Egypt // Ptolemy II Philadelphus and His World / Ed. by P. McKechnie, Philippe Guillaume. Leiden – Boston, 2008a.
Pfeiffer St. Herrscher- und Dynastiekulte im Ptolemäerreich: Systematik und Einordnung der Kultformen. München, 2008b. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.chbeck.1130
Pfeiffer St. Die Ptolemäer: Im Reich der Kleopatra. Stuttgart, 2017.
Pieper M. Die Siegelung in den griechischen Papyri Ägyptens // Aegyptus. 1934. № 2/3.
Plantzos D. The Iconography of Assimilation. Isis and Royal Imagery on Ptolemaic Seal Impressions // More than Men, Less than Gods: Studies on Royal Cult and Imperial Worship / Ed. by P. Iossif, A. Chankowski, C. Lorber. Leuven, 2011.
Plutarchus. Lucullus // Plutarchus. Vitae Parallelae: In 3 v. Vol. 1 / Ed. K. Ziegler. Lipsiae, 1969.
Plutarchus. Cleomenes // Plutarchus. Vitae Parallelae: In 3 vols. Vol. 3 / Ed. K. Ziegler. Lipsiae, 1971.
Polybius. Historiae: In 2 vols. / Ed. Th. Buttner-Wobst. Lipsiae, 1882.
Rice E. The grand procession of Ptolemy Philadelphus. Oxford, 1983.
Spiegelberg W. Beiträge zur Erklärung des neuen dreisprachigen Priesterdekretes zu Ehren des Ptolemaios Philopator. München, 1925.
Spier J. Ancient Gems and Finger Rings: Catalogue of the Collections, the J. Paul Getty Museum. Malibu, 1992.
Strabo. Rerum Geographicorum. Libri 17 / Ed. G. Spiro, H. Waldman. Halle, 1899.
Theocritus. Idyllia / Ed. A. Fritzsche et E. Hiller. Lipsiae, 1881.
Titi Livi: Ab Urbe Condita, Libri XXVIII–XXX / Ed. P. Walsh. Leipzig, 1986. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110955828
Tondriau J. Le décret dionysiaque de Philopator (B.G.U., 1211) // Aegyptus. Vol. 26. 1946.
Weber G. Der ptolemäische Herrscher- und Dynastiekult – ein Experimentierfeld für Makedonen, Griechen und Ägypter // Oikumene. Vol. 9. 2012.
REFERENCES
Vinogradov Yu. G. and Zolotarev M. I. (2000), “Bozhestvennaya egipetskaya triada v Khersonese Tavricheskom“, in V. Yu. Zuyev (Ed.), Syssitia: Pamyati Yu. V. Andreyeva, Gos. Ermitazh and Aleteyya, Saint Petersburg, pp. 284–294. (In Russian).
Grach N. L. (1984), “Otkrytiye novogo istoricheskogo istochnika v Nimfeye“, Vestnik drevney istorii, No. 1, pp. 81–88. (In Russian).
Zhigunin V. D. (1980), Mezhdunarodnyye otnosheniya ellinisticheskikh gosudarstv v 280–220 gg. do n. e., Ind-vo Kazanskogo un-ta, Kazan. (In Russian).
Zaytsev Yu. P. and Mordvintseva V. I. (2003), “Nogaychinskiy kurgan v stepnom Krymu”, Vestnik drevney istorii, No. 3, pp. 61–99. (In Russian).
Zelinskiy A. L. (2018), “K voprosu o naznachenii tak nazyvayemykh perstney ‘ptolemeyevskogo tipa’”, in Starodavnye Prychornomor”ya, Vol. XII, pp. 241–247. (In Russian).
Zelinskyi A. L. (2010), Aleksandrivski faraony ta yikhni piddani. Zmitsnennya vlady pershykh Ptolemeyiv, Akademperiodyka, Kyiv. (In Ukrainian).
Krasnodubets E. M. (2018), “Ellinisticheskiye egipetskiye perstni-pechati i ikh ottiski iz Khersonesa Tavricheskogo i ego khory”, in V. Yu. Zuyev and V. A. Khrshanovskiy (Ed.), Bosporskiy fenomen. Obshcheye i osobennoye v istoriko-kul’turnom prostranstve antichnogo mira, Materialy mezhdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferentsii, Part 2, Izdatel’sko-poligraficheskiy tsentr Sankt-Peterburgskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta promyshlennykh tekhnologiy i dizayna, Saint Petersburg, pp. 105–112. (In Russian).
Ladynin I. A. (2007), “Eshche raz o perstnyakh ‘ptolemeyevskogo tipa’ iz Severnogo Pri-chernomor’ya: k vozmozhnoy interpretatsii v svete vneshney politiki ellinisticheskogo Egipta v III v. do n. e.”, in Drevnosti Bospora, Vol. 11, pp. 235–252. (In Russian).
Ladynin I. A. and Popova E. A. (2010), “Egipetskaya podveska, naydennaya na gorodishche Chayka (Severo-Zapadnyy Krym), i posmertnoye obozhestvleniye Arsinoi II Filadel’fy”, Vestnik drevney istorii, No. 2, pp. 71–85. (In Russian).
Litvinenko Yu. N. (1991), “Ptolemeyevskiy Egipet i Severnoye Prichernomor’ye v ІІІ v do n. e. K voprosu o kontaktakh”, Vestnik drevney istorii, No. 1, pp. 12–26. (In Russian).
Lomtadze G. A. (2009), “Ob odnoy gruppe ellinisticheskikh sosudov iz nekropolya Ol’vii”, Antichnyy mir i arkheologiya, Issue 13, pp. 342–348. (In Russian).
Molev E. A. (1994), Bospor v period Ellinizma, Izd-vo NNGU, Nizhniy Novgorod. (In Russian).
Neverov O. Ya. (1974), “Gruppa ellinisticheskikh bronzovykh perstney v sobranii Ermitazha”, Vestnik drevney istorii, No. 1, pp. 106–115. (In Russian).
Tarn W. (1949), Ellinisticheskaya tsivilizatsiya, Transl. from English by S. A. Lyaskovskiy, Gospolitizdat, Moscow. (In Russian).
Treyster M. Yu. (1982), “Bronzovyye perstni s izobrazheniyami na shchitkakh iz Gorgippii i okrestnostey”, Vestnik drevney istorii, No. 3, pp. 67–76. (In Russian).
Treyster M. Yu. (1985), “Bospor i Egipet v ІІІ veke do n. e.”, Vestnik drevney istorii, No. 1, pp. 126–139. (In Russian).
Finagenova S. I. (2001), “Gruppa bronzovykh ellinisticheskikh perstney iz sobraniya GMII im. Pushkina”, Vestnik drevney istorii, No. 2, pp. 164–167. (In Russian).
Shurgaya I. G. (1965), “Import Aleksandrii v Severnom Prichernomor’ye”, Vestnik drevney istorii, No. 4, pp. 126–141. (In Russian).
Shurgaya I. G. (1972), “O torgovykh snosheniyakh Ol’vii s Aleksandriyey Egipetskoy v ellinisticheskuyu epokhu”, Vestnik drevney istorii, No. 3, pp. 17–29. (In Russian).
Anthologia palatina [Anthologia graeca], Codex palatinus et codex parisinus (1911), 2 vols., C. Preisendanz (Ed.), A. W. Sijthoff, Lugduni Batavorum.
Apollodorus (1907), Bibliotheca Мythologicа, G. Moser (Ed.), Teubner, Lipsiae.
Archibald Z. (2007), “Contacts between the Ptolemaic Kingdom and the Black Sea in the Early Hellenistic Age”, in V. Gabrielsen and J. Lund (Eds.), The Black sea in Antiquity. Regional and interregional Economic Exchanges, Aarhus University Press, Aarhus, pp. 253–272.
Badoud N. (2014), “Rhodes et les Cyclades a l’epoque hellenistique”, Scripta Antiqua, Vol. 64, pp. 115–29.
Bagnall R. (1976), The administration of the Ptolemaic possessions outside Egypt, E. J. Brill, Leiden.
Bell H. (1922), “Hellenic Culture in Egypt”, The Journal of Egyptian Archaealogy, No. 3/4, pp. 139–55. https://doi.org/10.2307/3853691
Braund D. (2018), Greek Religion and Cults in the Black Sea Region. Goddesses in the Bosporan Kingdom from the Archaic Period to the Byzantine Era, Cambridge University press, New York. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316856581
Bricault L. (1999), “Sarapis et Isis, Sauveurs de Ptolémée IV à Raphia”, La Chronique d’Égypte, Vol. 74, pp. 334–43. https://doi.org/10.1484/J.CDE.2.309115
Callaghan E. and Jones R. (1985), “Hadra Hydriae and central Crete: a fabric analysis”, The Annual of the British School at Athens, Vol. 80, pp. 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068245400007462
Callimachus (1953), “Fragmenta”, in R. Pfeiffer (Ed.), Callimachus, Vol. 2, Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 323–814.
Carney E. D. (2013), Arsinoe of Egypt and Macedon: A Royal Life (Women in Antiquity), Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Catullus C. Valerius (1975), Carmina, W. Eisenhut (Ed.), Heimeran, München.
Chaniotis A. (2004), Das antike Kreta, C. H. Beck, München.
Charbonneaux J. (1958), “Sur la signification et la date de la tasse Farnèse”, Monument et mémoires de la Fondation Eugène Piot, T. 50, pp. 85–103. https://doi.org/10.3406/piot.1958.1472
Chronicon paschale: Ad exemplar vaticanum (1832), L. Dindorf (Ed.), Impensis Ed. Weberi, Bonn.
Clayman D. (2014), Berenice II and the Golden Age of Ptolemaic Egypt. Women in Antiquity, Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York.
Coloru O. (2014), “Rex ridens, rex cavillatus: L’umorismo e la regalità ellenistica”, in O. Co-loru et G. Minunno (Eds.), L’Umorismo in prospettiva interculturale: Immagini, Aspettie, Linguaggi, Atelier 65, Parma, pp. 20–36.
Dreyer B. (1999), Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des spaetklassischen Athen (322 – ca. 230 v. Chr.), Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart.
Etymologicum magnum (1848), T. Gaisford (Ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Euripides (1994), “Bacchae”, in J. Diggle (Ed.), Euripidis fabulae, Vol. 3, Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 291–351.
Fraser P. (1972), Ptolemaic Alexandria, II vols., Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Gouëssan A. (2013), “La tryphé ptolémaïque royale”, Dialogues d’histoire ancienne, No. 2, pp. 73–101. https://doi.org/10.3917/dha.392.0073
Grabowski T. (2010), Ostatni Triumf Ptolemeuszy. Czwarta Wojna syryjska (221–217 p. n. e.), Historia Jagellonica, Kraków.
Grainger J. (2010), The Syrian Wars, Brill, Leiden and Boston. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004180505.i-450
Greek papyri in the British Museum: catalogue, with texts (1974), Vol. 7, T. Skeat (Ed.), MсMillan Press, London.
Heinen H. (1972), Untersuchungen zur hellenistischen Geschichte des 3. Jahrhunderts v. Chr.: Zur Geschichte der Zeit des Ptolemaios Keraunos und zum Chremonideischen Krieg, Franz Stei-ner Verlag GMBH, Wiesbaden.
Herklotz F. (2018), “Vom ägyptischen Lokalgott zur griechischen Universalgottheit – Sarapis als Heil- und Orakelgott in der Ptolemäerzeit”, Ancient Society, Vol. 48, pp. 9–48.
Herodotus (1899), Historiarum Libri IX, H. R. Dietsch and H. Kallenberg (Eds.), Teubner, Lipsiae.
Hoelbl G. (2001), A History of the Ptolemaic Empire, Transl. by T. Saavedra, Routledge, London and New York.
Huss W. (2001), Ägypten in hellenistischer Zeit, 332–30 v. Chr, C. H. Beck, München.
Huss W. (2011), Die Verwaltung des ptolemaiischen Reichs, C. H. Beck, München. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.chbeck.1228
Hyginus (1992), Poetica Astronomica, G. Vire (Ed.), Teubner, Stuttgart. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110951219
Jaehne A. (1981), “Alexandreon Chora”, Klio, No.1, pp. 63–103.
Johnson S. (2004), Historical Fictions and Hellenistic Jewish Identity. Third Maccabees in Its Cultural Context, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520233072.003.0003
Justinus M. Junianis (1911), Pompeius Trogus “Historiae Philippicae Epitome”, W. Kroll (Ed.), Teubner, Lipsiae.
Kyriakos N. (1972), “Archaeological News from Cyprus, 1970”, American Journal of Archaeology, No. 3, pp. 311–320. https://doi.org/10.2307/503924
Ladynin I. A. (2011), “ ‘Rings for Grain’: An Interpretation for the Abundant Finds of the So-called ‘Ptolemaic Finger Rings’ of the 3rd Century B.C. in the North Black Sea Area”, Geographica Historica, Vol. 10, pp. 245–260.
Lorber C. and van Oppen de Ruiter B. (2017), “Clay Seal Impressions from Ptolemaic Edfu”, Numismatica e antichità classiche, Vol. 46, pp. 73–95.
“Machabaeorum liber III” (1935), in A. Rahlfs (Ed.), Septuaginta, Vol. 1, Wuerttenbergische Bibelanstalt, Stuttgart, pp. 1139–1156.
Manning J. (2003), Land and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt. The Structure of Land Tenure, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511482847
Marshall F. (1907), Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Greek, Etruscan and Roman, in the Department of Antiquities, British Museum, William Clowes and sons, London.
Milne J. (1916), “Ptolemaic Seal Impressions”, Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 36, pp. 87–101. https://doi.org/10.2307/625752
Modrzejewski J. (2008), “Le ‘Troisième Livre des Maccabées’: un drame judiciare judéo-alexandrin”, The Journal of Juristic Papyrology, Vol. 38, pp. 157–170.
Müller S. (2009), Das hellenistische Königspaar in der medialen Repräsentation Ptolemaios II. und Arsinoe II, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
Nilsson M. (1961), Geschichte der griechischen Religion. Bd. 2: Die hellenistische und römische Zeit, 2nd ed., C. H. Beck, München.
O’Neil J. (2008), “A Re-examination of the Chremonidian War”, in P. McKechnie and Ph. Guillaume (Eds.), Ptolemy II Philadelphus and His World, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden and Boston, pp. 65–90.
Van Oppen de Ruiter B. (2007), The religious identification of Ptolemaic queens with Aphrodite, Demeter, Hathor and Isis, PhD dissertation, City University of New York, New York.
van Oppen de Ruiter B. (2015), Berenice II Euergetis. Essays in Early Hellenistic Queenship, Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137494627
van Oppen de Ruiter B. and Lorber C. (2018), “Royal or Divine? Female Heads in the Edfu Hoard”, La Chronique d’Égypte, T. 92, pp. 349–394. https://doi.org/10.1484/J.CDE.5.115212
Orientis Graeci inscriptiones Selectae. Supplementum Sylloges inscriptionum Graecorum (1903), Vol. 2, G. Dittenberger (Ed.), S. Hizzel, Lipsiae.
Pausanias (1973), Graeciae descriptio, Vol. 1, M. H. Rocha-Pereira (Ed.), Teubner, Lipsiae.
Pfeiffer St. (2008a), “The God Serapis, his Cult and the Beginnings of the Ruler Cult in Ptolemaic Egypt”, in P. McKechnie and Ph. Guillaume (Eds.), Ptolemy II Philadelphus and His World, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden and Boston, pp. 387–408.
Pfeiffer St. (2008b), Herrscher- und Dynastiekulte im Ptolemäerreich: Systematik und Einordnung der Kultformen, C. H. Beck, München. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.chbeck.1130
Pfeiffer St. (2017), Die Ptolemäer: Im Reich der Kleopatra, W. Kohlhammer GmbH, Stuttgart.
Pieper M. (1934), “Die Siegelung in den griechischen Papyri Ägyptens”, Aegyptus, No. 2/3, pp. 245–52.
Plantzos D. (2011), “The Iconography of Assimilation. Isis and Royal Imagery on Ptolemaic Seal Impressions”, in P. Iossif, A. Chankowski and C. Lorber (Eds.), More than Men, Less than Gods: Studies on Royal Cult and Imperial Worship, Peeters, Leuven, pp. 389–415.
Plutarchus (1969), “Lucullus”, K. Ziegler (Ed.), Plutarchus. Vitae Parallelae, Vol. 1, Teubner, Lipsiae, pp. 359–419.
Plutarchus (1971), “Cleomenes”, K. Ziegler (Ed.), Plutarchus. Vitae Parallelae, Vol. 3, Teubner, Lipsiae, pp. 375–415.
Polybius (1882), Historiae, 2 vols., Th. Buttner-Wobst (Ed.), Teubner, Lipsiae.
Rice E. E. (1983), The grand procession of Ptolemy Philadelphus, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Spiegelberg W. (1925), Beiträge zur Erklärung des neuen dreisprachigen Priesterdekretes zu Ehren des Ptolemaios Philopator, Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, München.
Spier J. (1992), Ancient Gems and Finger Rings: Catalogue of the Collections, the J. Paul Getty Museum, The J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu.
Strabo (1899), Rerum Geographicorum. Libri 17, G. Spiro and H. Waldman (Eds.), Holtze, Halle.
Theocritus (1881), Idyllia, A. Fritzsche et E. Hiller (Eds.), Teubner, Lipsiae.
Titus Livius (1986), Titi Livi: Ab Urbe Condita, Libri XXVIII–XXX, P. Walsh (Ed.), Teubner, Leipzig. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110955828
Tondriau J. (1946), “Le décret dionysiaque de Philopator (B.G.U., 1211)”, Aegyptus, Vol. 26, pp. 84–95.
Weber G. (2012), “Der ptolemäische Herrscher- und Dynastiekult – ein Experimentierfeld für Makedonen, Griechen und Ägypter”, Oikumene, Vol. 9, pp. 77–97.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.